Abstract. This study aims to explore the factors contributing to the low effec-
tiveness of English language instruction at SMP Manbaul Ulum Bondowoso.
Employing a qualitative approach with a case study design, the research seeks to
generate a comprehensive contextual understanding of the phenomenon. Data
were collected through classroom-based participant observation, in-depth inter-
views with teachers and students, and analysis of instructional documents. The-
matic analysis was conducted through systematic stages of data reduction, cate-
gorization, and interpretative meaning-making to identify recurring patterns.
Data credibility was ensured through source and methodological triangulation.
The findings reveal three principal dimensions underlying instructional ineffec-
tiveness. First, the pedagogical dimension is characterized by the predominance
of lecture-based instruction, limited opportunities for meaningful communicative
practice, and insufficient reflective feedback. Second, the institutional dimension
encompasses inadequate learning facilities and restricted exposure to authentic
English usage within the school environment. Third, the individual dimension
relates to students’ low intrinsic motivation, language anxiety, and the perception
of English as a difficult subject. Collectively, these dimensions form a learning
ecosystem that is insufficiently conducive to fostering students’ communicative
competence.